Backbone definition science12/11/2023 ![]() In addition to benthic macroinvertebrates, scientists also evaluate algae and fish populations to come up with robust estimates of biological condition. Biological condition is the most comprehensive indicator of waterbody health. When the biology of a waterbody is healthy, the chemical and physical components of the waterbody are also typically in good condition. Generally, waterbodies in healthy biological condition support a wide variety and high number of macroinvertebrate taxa, including many that are intolerant of pollution. Samples yielding only pollution–tolerant species or very little diversity or abundance may indicate a less healthy waterbody. What do benthic macroinvertebrates tell us about the condition of water?Įvaluating the abundance and variety of benthic macroinvertebrates in a waterbody gives us an indication of the biological condition of that waterbody. Biologists have been studying the health and composition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities for decades. In fact, because they cannot escape pollution, macroinvertebrates have the capacity to integrate the effects of the stressors to which they are exposed, in combination and over time. The backbone is part of a vertebrates supportive internal skeleton. Macroinvertebrates respond to human disturbance in fairly predictable ways, are relatively easy to identify in the laboratory, often live for more than a year and, unlike fish, have limited mobility. The back is made up of many separate bones, called vertebrae. They are reliable indicators because they spend all or most of their lives in water, are easy to collect and differ in their tolerance to pollution. Why is it important to evaluate benthic macroinvertebrates?īenthic macroinvertebrates are commonly used as indicators of the biological condition of waterbodies. Benthic macroinvertebrates are often found attached to rocks, vegetation, logs and sticks or burrowed into the bottom sand and sediments. This yields a fat molecule with three fatty acid tails bound to the glycerol backbone via ester linkages (linkages containing an oxygen atom next to a carbonyl, or CO, group). They lack a backbone, are visible without the aid of a microscope and are found in and around water bodies during some period of their lives. To make a fat molecule, the hydroxyl groups on the glycerol backbone react with the carboxyl groups of fatty acids in a dehydration synthesis reaction. Phosphate group :-It is a derivative of phosphoric acid and is attached to 5th carbon of pentose sugar by ester bond formed by dehydration synthesisTwo nucleotides in DNA are liked by phospho diester bond formed between -OH of phosphate group of one nucleotide and 3rd carbon of pentose sugar ofadjacent nucleotide.Benthic (meaning “bottom-dwelling”) macroinvertebrates are small aquatic animals and the aquatic larval stages of insects. They include dragonfly and stonefly larvae, snails, worms, and beetles. The 7th or 9th nitrogen of the nitrogen base are linked to the 1st carbon of pentose sugar by glycosidic bond3. Out of these 5 bases only four are present in DNA and only one occurs in it at a time.DNA does not have Uracil. They are Adenine,Guanine,Cytocine, Thymine, Uracil. These are further divided into 5 nitrogen bases. They are broadly classified into 2 categories-Pyrines and pyrimidines. Nitrogen Base :- It is a nitrogen containg basic ring compound. ![]() The pntose sugar in case of DNA is deoxyribose.2. Out of these 5 members four are carbon and one is oxygen. Pentose sugar :- It is a 5 membered ring sugar. THE BACKBONE OF DNA IS FORMED OF NUCLEOTIDES LINKED BY PHOSPHODIESTER BOND.A nucleotide consists of following three compounds1. In Bus backbone the topology used for the backbone is bus topology. The two very common used architectures are: Bus backbone, Star backbone. What is the Sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA? The backbone itself is a LAN, it uses a LAN protocol such as ethernet, Hence each connection in the backbone is itself another LAN.
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